Eighteenth+Century+Journalists+and+Periodicals

 **In print journalism it was primarily the news that sold the paper; in the periodical essay it was the voice** ~The Longman Anthology of British Literature

This page displays a few descriptions of journalists and the periodicals they created during the time of the Restoration and 18th century London.  = = =Authors     <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">  = =<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">//**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">Richard Steele-  **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">(1672-1729)   <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> An author who wanted to teach and impress his readers, Steele was the //London//    <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> //Gazette// editor and author of  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">//The Tatler//. His writings made sure to include the reader into it's articles and essays, and "For the rest of the century [Steele's] first task was to devise a persona unusual enough to define [his] paper, and engaging enough to sustain it" (Damrosch 2462). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">//**Benjamin**// //**Harris**//- <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">(-1720) An English writer who was jailed for accusations concerning "violating the printing and bookselling laws of King Charles II" (Brown). The works in question were his //A Protestant Petition// or his //London Post//. "Harris' most  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">   <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">su   <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">   <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">ccessful venture into the book publishing field" was his //The New-England Primer// in 1687-16   <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">   <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">90 (Brown). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> //**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">Eliza Haywood- **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">(1693-1756) A romantic novelists who wrote "sensational romantic novels that mirrored contemporary 18th-century scandals" (Haywood).<span style="color: rgb(231, 70, 70)"> The author of //The Spectator//, "each number presented an essay focused on a single topic with several illustrative fictional stories interspersed" (Damrosch 2468). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> "//The Female Spectator// continued to sell, in a four-volume collected edition, for more than two decades after its periodical run had ceased" (Damrosch 2468). Other works of Haywood include //The Female Dunciad//, 1729, and //The History of Jemmy and Jenny// //Jessamy,// 1753 (Haywood). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> =<span style="color: rgb(21, 11, 117)"> <span style="color: rgb(21, 11, 117)"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">Periodicals =

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">//**The London Gazette-**// Originally titled the //Oxford Gazette// and is perceived as the first real newspaper in England that was published in 1665 by the government. The Gazette was "a complete innovation, replacing the traditional format of the news-book with a half sheet folio: a two-page newspaper, set for the first time in double columns, and...for the rest of the seventeenth century this was to be the normal format for an English newspaper" (Sutherland 11).

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">//**The Tatler-**// A periodical that was in publication from 1709-1711 and was co-authored by Sir Richard Steele and his colleague Joseph Addison. The paper began as one separated into four sections of news but then gradually included a more essay-type style. It's stated purpose was to inform readers of political news and to provide entertainment. "It contains news-reporting and partisan essays, championing Whig values; moral crusades, in particular against <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">dueling and gambling; essays on contemporary manners and morals; Oriental tales; short stories; allegorical dream-visions; <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">and readers letters" (The Tatler). <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">  = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">**//The Spectator-//** (1711-1713) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> Another periodical in which Richard Steele and Joseph Addison worked together. This was the first attempt for the two writers to publish the paper everyday for their readers. Also in this paper was the new persona they created in "Mr. Spectator" who "managed to embody and to allegorize the operations of the paper he inhabited" (Damrosch 2465). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">**//The Gentleman's Magazine-//** a pamphlet produced monthly created by Edward Cave from 1731-1868. Although <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">it contained a variety of information like the newspaper, it represented a new form of presenting news as a magazine. The writings in this magazine consisted of works from several books and other pamphlets combined, with "an ever-widening range of fresh <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> materials: biographies, poetry, parliamentary debates" (Damrosch 2475). Samuel Johnson was among those authors who contributed their work to the magazine.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">//**The Female Spectator-**//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(231, 70, 70)"> <span style="color: rgb(14, 1, 1)">Eliza Haywood contributed to the first female newspaper titled //The Female Spe//     <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(231, 70, 70)"><span style="color: rgb(14, 1, 1)">//ctator// which from 1744-1746 was a pamphlet periodical that circulated monthly for its readers. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">//**The Rambler-**// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">(1750-1752) A John Payne periodical with a majority of it's essays written by Samuel  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> Johnson. Payne's objective was to teach his readers, and the writing dealt with how to "deal with the disappointments inherent in life and with the setbacks to ambition" (Rambler).

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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">**Works Cited:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">

Brown, Lea Ann. "Benjamin Harris." __Dictionary of Literary Biography__. vol 43:1985. 278-285. 19 Apr. 2008. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">Damrosch, David, and Kevin J.H. Dettmar. __The Longman Anthology of British Literature__. 3rd ed. United States: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. "Haywood, Eliza." __Encyclopedia Britannica__. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 14 May 2008 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039678 "Haywood, Eliza." Online Photograph. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 15 May 2008 http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-11483 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> Iona, Italia, University of Anglia. "The Tatler." The Literary Encyclopedia. 4 Nov. 2004. Accessed 13 Apr. 2008 http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=7889 "Rambler, The." __Encyclopedia Britannica__. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 14 May 2008 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062584 Richard Steele image found through Creative Commons from:http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12030/12030-h/12030-h/SV3/transindex.html <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">Sutherland, James. __The Restoration Newspaper and its Development.__ Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1986. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif">//The Gentleman's Magazine// image found through Creative Commons from:  [|http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Gentleman's_Magazine,_May_1759.jpg/347px-] [|The_Gentleman's_Magazine,_May_1759.jpg] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">**Contributor:** Lindsay Milbourne